Research indicates that cultures differ in the ways they approach social conflicts, with Japanese being more motivated to maintain interpersonal harmony and avoid conflicts than Americans. Such cultural differences have developmental consequences for... Read more>>

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Although humans strive to be wise, they often fail to do so when reasoning over issues that have profound personal implications. Here we test the hypothesis that psychological distance enhances wise reasoning, attitudes and behavior under such circumstances... Read more>>

By Sherry L. Beaumont Erikson’s (1968) supposition about the importance of mature identity for wisdom was examined by testing the hypothesis that informational identity processing is uniquely associated with wisdom and with related positive subjective... Read more>>

By Joanne C. Giblin Abstract: This article defines wisdom and despair as choices for cognitively intact older adults. Some individuals are able to integrate the conditions of old age while others respond in ways that inhibit effective integration. The... Read more>>

By Ryan P. Hanley Abstract: Recently a call has gone up for a revival of the “politics of humanity.” But what exactly is the “politics of humanity”? For illumination this paper turns to Hume’s analysis of humanity’s foundational role in morality and modern... Read more>>

By Judith Glück and Susan Bluck Objectives. This study examined individual differences in laypeople's conceptions of wisdom using a person-oriented approach, as previous studies using a priori group variables may have underestimated the variability... Read more>>

By Matthew Taylor, Glen Bates and Jeffrey Dean Webster The authors reply to Ardelt's comment (see record 2011-06003-006) on their original paper (see record 2011-06003-001) comparing the 3D-WS and SAWS and discuss the SAWS relative to cognition, critical... Read more>>

By Alessandro Demaio The respectful, appropriate use of local wisdom (LW) in health promotion increases penetration and longevity of positive behavior change. Collaborations based on mutual respect, flexibility and trust between health program organizers... Read more>>

“Wisdom is the freedom and the ability to make the kinds of choices that move our life forward and benefit the planet.” Wisdom is actually a “How” we make our best choices and not a “what we choose or “why we choose it.” Wisdom is the antidote for the... Read more>>

By Ursula M. Staudinger and Judith Glück Abstract: Wisdom represents a fruitful topic for psychological investigations for at least two reasons. First, the study of wisdom emphasizes the search for the continued optimization and the further cultural evolution... Read more>>

By Matthew Taylor, Glen Bates and Jeffrey Dean Webster Abstract: Two recently developed scales of wisdom were compared on their abilities to have their dimensional structure replicated and to predict relevant personality (i.e., forgiveness) and life satisfaction... Read more>>

By Monika Ardelt Abstract: In a commentary on Taylor, Bates, and Webster's article, the author (a) clarifies the development and assessment of the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS); (b) describes the difference between the essential components... Read more>>

By Elena Irrera Abstract: In 'Politics' III, 4.1277a15-16 Aristotle presents 'phronesis' as the characteristic excellence of the good ruler. Difficulties arise when we consider that, on his view, a good ruler should 'always' be... Read more>>

By Antonino Raffone, Angela Tagini, and Narayanan Srinivasan Abstract: Mindfulness can be understood as the mental ability to focus on the direct and immediate perception or monitoring of the present moment with a state of open and nonjudgmental awareness... Read more>>

Although in a selection of biblical and theological essays, my contribution is on Paul as a major contributor to the subsequent shape of western thought and society. The central puzzle of Paul's life is how this zealous Pharisee obsessed with land... Read more>>

By Lewis P. Jordan Abstract: There is very little research on Alaska Native (AN) elders and how they subjectively define a successful older age. The lack of a culturally-specific definition often results in the use of a generic definition that portrays... Read more>>

By Anna Grandori A conspicuous ‘hole’ lies between the ‘rational-choice’ paradigm and the ‘behavioral decision-making’ paradigm. The ‘missing model’ is ‘heuristic’ (research-based) yet ‘rational’ (non-biasing): a set of methods for the logically sound... Read more>>

By Sabine Niederer and José van Dijck Wikipedia is often considered as an example of 'collaborative knowledge'. Researchers have contested the value of Wikipedia content on various accounts. Some have disputed the ability of anonymous amateurs... Read more>>

By George Bragues This article attempts to uncover the relevance of Cicero’s thought to present-day management through an analysis of his last philosophical study, On Duties. Applying a methodology grounded in Socratic skepticism, Cicero synthesizes the... Read more>>

In my reply to Taylor, Bates, and Webster’s article, I (a) clarify the development and assessment of the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS), (b) describe the difference between the essential components of wisdom and its predictors, correlates, and... Read more>>

After giving an overview of Western, Eastern, and culturally inclusive theories of wisdom, this chapter summarizes the theoretical and empirical research on the association between aging and wisdom and the effect of wisdom on well-being. Cross-sectional... Read more>>

By D. Larriviere and M. A. Williams Abstract: Neuroenhancement (NE) refers to the use of prescription medications by healthy persons to boost their cognitive skills. This growing phenomenon represents a potential market not only for pharmaceutical manufacturers... Read more>>

By Monika Ardelt Abstract: This study examined whether (a) older adults are wiser than college students, (b) college-educated older adults are wiser than current college students, and (c) wise older adults show evidence of personal growth. Using a sample... Read more>>

By Richard P. Bagozzi, Frank Belschak, Willem Verbek Abstract: Emotional wisdom is defined as a set of seven dimensions of basic skills and meta-narratives concerning how to regulate emotions within specific domains in such a way that the individual's... Read more>>

By Monika Ardelta, Scott D. Landesa and George E. Vaillant Abstract: According to theories of stress-related growth, coping with traumatic events can lead to greater psychosocial maturity in resilient individuals or psychosocial maladjustment in less... Read more>>

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Democracy Under Uncertainty: The Wisdom of Crowds and the Free-Rider Problem in Group Decision Making By Tatsuya Kameda, Takafumi Tsukasaki, Reid Hastie, Nathan Berg Abstract: We introduce a game theory model of individual decisions to cooperate by contributing... Read more>>

by Torsten Zesch and Iryna Gurevych In this article, we present a comprehensive study aimed at computing semantic relatedness of word pairs. We analyze the performance of a large number of semantic relatedness measures proposed in the literature with... Read more>>

To be published in the forthcoming volume "Dewey’s Enduring Impact." Edited by John Shook. Forthcoming, 2010 (Prometheus Books) Read more>>

Practical wisdom and the development of cross-cultural knowledge management: a global leadership perspective By David J. Pauleen, David Rooney, and Nigel J. Holden Abstract: This paper responds to calls for pragmatic context-dependent cross-cultural scholarship... Read more>>

Teaching practical wisdom in medicine through clinical judgement, goals of care, and ethical reasoning by Lauris Christopher Kaldjian Clinical decision making is a challenging task that requires practical wisdom—the practised ability to help patients... Read more>>

Moral Judgments Recruit Domain-General Valuation Mechanisms to Integrate Representations of Probability and Magnitude By Amitai Shenhav and Joshua D. Greene "Many important moral decisions, particularly at the policy level, require the evaluation... Read more>>

By Timothy A. Judge, Remus Iliesb and Nikolaos Dimotakisb Abstract: This study tested a structural model explaining the effects of general mental ability on economic, physical, and subjective well-being. A model was proposed that linked general mental... Read more>>

This chapter gives an overview of the definition and assessment of wisdom in the contemporary literature and describes its relation to successful cognitive and emotional aging. Read more>>

By Karelitz, T. M., Jarvin, L., & Sternberg, R. J. "Wisdom is a valuable virtue that has been praised, appreciated, and studied throughout the span of human civilization. Yet, wisdom is hard to achieve and harder to apply to one’s life. This... Read more>>

By Daniel K. Campbell-Meiklejohn, Dominik R. Bach, Andreas Roepstorff, Raymond J. Dolan1 and Chris D. Frith "The opinions of others can easily affect how much we value things. We investigated what happens in our brain when we agree with others about... Read more>>

By James F. Sumowski, Glenn R. Wylie, DPhil, Nancy Chiaravalloti, and John DeLuca "Learning and memory impairments are prevalent among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, such deficits are only weakly associated with MS disease severity... Read more>>

By Emily B. Falk, Elliot T. Berkman, Traci Mann, Brittany Harrison, and Matthew D. Lieberman "Although persuasive messages often alter people's self-reported attitudes and intentions to perform behaviors, these self-reports do not necessarily... Read more>>

BY ANDREA SCARANTINO AND GUALTIERO PICCININI "According to the Veridicality Thesis, information requires truth. On this view, smoke carries information about there being a fire only if there is a fire, the proposition that the earth has two moons... Read more>>

by Ruud Custers and Henk Aarts People often act in order to realize desired outcomes, or goals. Although behavioral science recognizes that people can skillfully pursue goals without consciously attending to their behavior once these goals are set, conscious... Read more>>

By Alexandros Apostolou and Vasilis Koulaidis The aim of this paper is to study the epistemological views of science teachers for the following epistemological issues: scientific method, demarcation of scientific knowledge, change of scientific knowledge... Read more>>

By Victor A. F. Lamme Is there consciousness in machines? Or in animals? What happens to consciousness when we are asleep, or in vegetative state? These are just a few examples of the many questions about consciousness that are troubling scientists and... Read more>>

By Dani Dumitriu, Jiandong Hao, Yuko Hara, Jeffrey Kaufmann, William G. M. Janssen, Wendy Lou, Peter R. Rapp, and John H. Morrison Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) occurs in many mammalian species, including humans. In contrast to Alzheimer’s disease... Read more>>

By Heidi M. Levitt and Daniel Williams "Eminent therapists across psychotherapy meta-orientations were asked to describe the processes by which they facilitate change in psychotherapy. A grounded theory analysis of these interviews was conducted... Read more>>

By Joshua M. Ackerman, Christopher C. Nocera, John A. Bargh "Touch is both the first sense to develop and a critical means of information acquisition and environmental manipulation. Physical touch experiences may create an ontological scaffold for... Read more>>

We all know the story in which science supposedly demonstrates a Bumblebee only flies because it doesn’t know it can’t. I know the real story but like that one better because the bumblebee still goes about its daily tasks, unencumbered by knowing about... Read more>>

By Philip J. Barnard The dominant conceptualization of working memory distinguishes mechanisms that handle auditory‐verbal and visuospatial representations from central executive resources that control and guide them. A straightforward case can be made... Read more>>

By Tom Abeles Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of the emerging science of complexity and the rise of fast computational capabilities on human understanding of the world and the implications for education. Design/methodology... Read more>>

By Stephanie Schnorbus Most historians agree there was a shift away from Calvinism and toward Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century. When discussing that shift in relation to children's literature or education, some historians use The... Read more>>

By Christopher Cannon In an essay in which he explored the nature of the proverb, Kenneth Burke wondered why it would not be possible to 'extend such analysis … to encompass the whole field of literature'. For Burke, the possibility for such extension... Read more>>

By Kurt C. Strange The information age presents great opportunity to move from data to information to knowledge and potentially to go further to generate understanding and wisdom. As information is generated in ever smaller segments, however, and as we... Read more>>

Claudia Preuschhof, Torsten Schubert, Arno Villringer, and Hauke R. Heekeren Neurophysiological data suggest that the integration of prior information and incoming sensory evidence represents the neural basis of the decision-making process. Here, we aimed... Read more>>

By Stanley H. Ambrose The evolution of modern human behavior was undoubtedly accompanied by neurological changes that enhanced capacities for innovation in technology, language, and social organization associated with working memory. Constructive memory... Read more>>

By April Nowell Hominin evolution is the result of complex interactions of biology and behavior within particular physical, social, and cultural environments. While evolution takes place at the species level, species are made up of individuals engaging... Read more>>

By Eerik Lagerspetz There is a permanent tension between the requirements of substantive goodness or wisdom and those of formal legitimacy in public decision-making. This article charts the various attempts to reconcile the two requirements within decision... Read more>>

By Lewis Asimeng-Boahene Preparing children to function effectively as global citizens in today's complex and ethnically polarized nations and the world, will require students who think critically about the knowledge of the histories, experiences... Read more>>

The article, written by Defining Wisdom grantee Deborah Coen , reviews several books on the history of weather, including "Hurricanes and Society in the British Greater Caribbean, 1624-1783," by Matthew Mulcahy, "British Weather and the... Read more>>

by N Robson and D Rew AIM: To describe systems for capturing and optimising collective knowledge and insight in areas of complexity and uncertainty in surgical oncology, with particular reference to the Delphi process and related systems. METHODS: Internet... Read more>>

by Marco A. Janssen, Robert Holahan, Allen Lee, and Elinor Ostrom Governance of social-ecological systems is a major policy problem of the contemporary era. Field studies of fisheries, forests, and pastoral and water resources have identified many variables... Read more>>

Meaning and Value in a Secular Age: Why Eupraxsophy Matters The Writngs of Paul Kurtz Edited by Nathan Bupp The term eupraxsophy was first coined and introduced by Paul Kurtz in 1988 to characterize a secular orientation to life that stands in contrast... Read more>>

By Karim-Aly Kassam How is book-learning at university made relevant to societal needs? What pedagogical framework helps to transform students from those who know about major challenges of the twenty-first century to those who know how to respond to such... Read more>>

By Keith Ansell Pearson This chapter seeks to make a contribution to the growing interest in Nietzsche's relation to traditions of therapy in philosophy that has emerged in recent years. It is in the texts of his middle period (1878–82) that Nietzsche's... Read more>>

By Robert Ricco, Sara Schuyten Pierce and Connie Medinilla This study seeks to establish the relevance of middle school students’ naïve beliefs about knowledge and learning in science to their achievement motivation in this domain. A predominantly Hispanic... Read more>>

By Eric Baylin The article is a personal account of my engagement with some recent neuroscientific theory put forth by Mary Helen Immordino‐Yang (University of Southern California) about the integral relationship between emotion and cognition. Specifically... Read more>>

By Dharm P. S. Bhawuk The epistemology of Indian Psychology (IP) is akin to that of Indian Philosophy or in general the Indian world view of knowledge, truth and belief about making sense of the self and the world. In this article, the epistemological... Read more>>

By Gregory Arief D. Liem, Allan B. I. Bernardo Using the theory of planned behavior or TPB (Ajzen, 2005) as a general framework, the study examines the role of Indonesian students’ beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing (epistemological beliefs... Read more>>

By Jack Reynolds While there is a great diversity of treatments of other minds and inter-subjectivity within both analytic and continental philosophy, this article specifies some of the core structural differences between these treatments. Although there... Read more>>

By Suzanna Smith The very title of Eva Brann's book suggests the extent to which "our feelings" is a topic at once familiar and unknown. The title could have been "Feeling Your Feelings" or simply "Feeling Feelings,"... Read more>>

By Yvonne Howell Are we innately superstitious? Is it possible for even the most hardened atheist-existentialist not see the hand of destiny, traffic deities, or other disembodied psychological agents when a fortuitous parking spot transforms his life... Read more>>

By Thorsten Botz-Bornstein The Chinese concept of wen is examined here in the context of contemporary gene theory and the "cultural branch" of gene theory called "memetics." The Chinese notion of wen is an untranslatable term meaning... Read more>>

By Brian J. Bruya Scholars working in philosophy of action still struggle with the freedom/determinism dichotomy that stretches back to Hellenist philosophy and the metaphysics that gave rise to it. Although that metaphysics has been repudiated in current... Read more>>

By Jayna L. Ditty and Philip A. Rolnick Since 1859, with the publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species , biology has increasingly challenged comfortable theological assumptions. Being convinced, however, that evolutionary biology and theology... Read more>>

By Dilip V. Jeste, Monika Ardelt, Dan Blazer, Helena C. Kraemer, George Vaillant and Thomas W. Meeks Purpose: Wisdom has received increasing attention in empirical research in recent years, especially in gerontology and psychology, but consistent definitions... Read more>>

By Christopher McMahon The paper distinguishes two ways of understanding a wise society. A society can be wise by virtue of possessing mostly true evaluative beliefs. Or it can be wise by virtue of employing rational procedures of collective belief formation... Read more>>

By Christina Van *** The reintroduction of aristotle's Analytics to the Latin West—in particular, the reintroduction of the Posterior Analytics —forever altered the course of medieval epistemological discussions. 1 In the memorable words of Jonathan... Read more>>

by Joachim Vosgerau People appear to be unrealistically optimistic about their future prospects, as reflected by theory and research in the fields of psychology, organizational behavior, behavioral economics, and behavioral finance. Many real-world examples... Read more>>

by Hunt Allcott and Sendhil Mullainathan The article discusses energy efficiency, human behavior, and research on both. The authors opine that behavioral sciences can be used to develop business and policy innovations. The article discusses relevant research... Read more>>

by Luhrmann, T. M., Nusbaum, Howard, Thisted, Ronald In this article, we use a combination of ethnographic data and empirical methods to identify a process called “absorption,” which may be involved in contemporary Christian evangelical prayer practice... Read more>>

by Avraham D. Tabbach This article argues that the law should sometimes encourage offenders to incur costs to avoid punishment. Avoidance, such as concealment of evidence, perjury, or obstruction of justice, is generally deemed socially undesirable because... Read more>>

by Gordon Sammut and George Gaskell The challenge of intercultural relations has become an important issue in many societies. In spite of the claimed value of intercultural diversity, successful outcomes as predicted by the contact hypothesis are but... Read more>>

by Tim Rakow and Ben R. Newell A striking finding has emerged recently in the literature: When decision makers are faced with essentially the same choice, their preferences differ as a function of whether options are described or are “experienced” via... Read more>>

Nicholas W. Simon , Candi L. LaSarge , Karienn S. Montgomery , Matthew T. Williams , Ian A. Mendez , Barry Setlow , Jennifer L. Bizon The ability to make advantageous choices among outcomes that differ in magnitude, probability, and delay until their... Read more>>

by Leon de Kock "The conceit is often adopted in the strategic performance of public wisdom - oracular, figurative, enunciating visions and versions of self as well as community - that truth is looming, that it is there to be embraced in self-evidently... Read more>>

by Elena G. Patsenko , Erik M. Altmann Routine human behavior has often been attributed to plans—mental representations of sequences goals and actions—but can also be attributed to more opportunistic interactions of mind and a structured environment.... Read more>>

Heinz Welsch and Jan Kühling This paper theoretically and empirically investigates the hypothesis of decision error in environmental-friendly consumption. Existing evidence suggests that people make systematic mistakes in affective forecasting that lead... Read more>>

by John L. Cordery, David Morrison, Brett M. Wright, Toby D. Wal In this paper, we seek to account for modest and inconsistent empirical support for a positive relationship between team autonomy and team performance by proposing that team task uncertainty... Read more>>

Stephan Schleim , Tade M. Spranger , Susanne Erk, Henrik Walter Various kinds of normative judgments are an integral part of everyday life. We extended the scrutiny of social cognitive neuroscience into the domain of legal decisions, investigating two... Read more>>

Stephen S. Hall "A compelling investigation into one of our most coveted and cherished ideals, and the efforts of modern science to penetrate the mysterious nature of this timeless virtue. We all recognize wisdom, but defining it is more elusive... Read more>>

From TED "Using examples from vacations to colonoscopies, Nobel laureate and founder of behavioral economics Daniel Kahneman reveals how our "experiencing selves" and our "remembering selves" perceive happiness differently. This... Read more>>

by Igor Grossmann, Jinkyung Na, Michael E. W. Varnum, Denise C. Park, Shinobu Kitayama, and Richard E. Nisbett It is well documented that aging is associated with cognitive declines in many domains. Yet it is a common lay belief that some aspects of thinking... Read more>>

Vladas Griskevicius, Joshua M. Tybur, Bram Van den Bergh Why do people purchase proenvironmental “green” products? We argue that buying such products can be construed as altruistic, since green products often cost more and are of lower quality than their... Read more>>

By Cheng-hung Tsai Epistemology of language, a branch of both epistemology and the philosophy of language, asks what knowledge of language consists in. In this paper, I argue that such an inquiry is a pointless enterprise due to its being based upon the... Read more>>

By Qiu J, Li H, Jou J, Liu J, Luo Y, Feng T, and Wu Z, Zhang Q. "In the present study, we used learning-testing paradigm to examine brain activation of "Aha" effects with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during... Read more>>

By Ralph Adolphs Social neuroscience has been enormously successful and is making major contributions to fields ranging from psychiatry to economics. Yet deep and interesting conceptual challenges abound. Is social information processing domain specific... Read more>>

Daniel M. Hausman and Brynn Welch One of the hottest ideas in current policy debates is “libertarian paternalism,” the design of policies that push individuals toward better choices without limiting their liberty. In their recent book, Nudge, Richard... Read more>>

The focus on complexity as a problem of the financial meltdown of 2008–2009 suggests that crisis is in part epistemological: we now know enough about financial and economic systems to be threatened by their complexity, but not enough to relieve our fears... Read more>>

I have created a blog site where I will be uploading all my published and unpublished work plus Estories and Ebooks. To access these please go Charles Stirton's profile which lists the entries. The hotlink is situated just below the photograph. Read more>>

by Simon M. Laham, Sonavi Chopra, Mansur Lalljee, Brian Parkinson Reactions to moral transgressions are subject to influence at both the cultural and individual levels. Transgressions against an individual's rights or against social conventions of... Read more>>

Elizabeth Tricomi, Antonio Rangel, Colin F. Camerer, John P. O’Doherty A popular hypothesis in the social sciences is that humans have social preferences to reduce inequality in outcome distributions because it has a negative impact on their experienced... Read more>>

Justin Greaves, Wyn Grant This article argues that interdisciplinary collaboration can offer significant intellectual gains to political science in terms of methodological insights, questioning received assumptions and providing new perspectives on subject... Read more>>

by Thalia R. Goldstein, Katherine Wu, Ellen Winner Actors must imagine themselves in a different world: they must adopt the perspective of multiple characters, grasp their beliefs and intentions, and feel their emotions. In this study we tested the hypothesis... Read more>>

by James Forbes and S. Murat Kara A comprehensive investment literacy questionnaire surveyed potential sources (viz., knowledge, confidence) of investing self-efficacy in a large sample of working adults. As expected, the effect of investment knowledge... Read more>>

by Neha Khetrapal Perceptual load hypothesis is proposed as a compromise between early and late theory of selective attention which states that the selection will operate early when the load on perception is high and it will operate late when the load... Read more>>

(A Collaborative Project of the Institute for 21st Century Agoras) "The Talking Point is all about how people learn within groups. People can be much smarter than crowds if you measure “smart” as decision-making speed. Crowds can be much wiser than... Read more>>

Jennifer R. Henretty, Heidi M. Levitt Over 90% of therapists self-disclose to clients (Mathews, 1989; Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987; Edwards & Murdock, 1994), however, the implications of therapist self-disclosure are unclear, with highly... Read more>>

What wisdom is and what it encompasses has been variously defined across the ages, starting with the earliest ‘wisdom literature' among the ancient Sumerians in 3000 B.C. (Birren and Svensson, 2005). Distinctions between wisdom as knowledge of the... Read more>>

In this chapter we examine how effective leadership varies across national and cultural boundaries. Specifically, we ask what elements of leadership are core and more universal across these boundaries? The foundation of our approach is the notion that... Read more>>

This article begins Considering the complexity of the world situation and the large number of problems that humanity faces, the task of achieving a heaven on earth seems daunting. Where does one start? Is there by any chance a simplifying element, a focal... Read more>>

Marc Hauser and Justin Wood We synthesize the contrasting predictions of motor simulation and teleological theories of action comprehension and present evidence from a series of studies showing that monkeys and apes—like humans—extract the meaning of... Read more>>

Simon T. Kaye Counterfactualism is a useful process for historians as a thought-experiment because it offers grounds to challenge an unfortunate contemporary historical mindset of assumed, deterministic certainty. This article suggests that the methodological... Read more>>

Shannon Spaulding Recently, philosophers and psychologists defending the embodied cognition research program have offered arguments against mindreading as a general model of our social understanding. The embodied cognition arguments are of two kinds:... Read more>>

Susannah B. F. Paletz , Christian D. Schunn The psychology of science typically lacks integration between cognitive and social variables. We present a new framework of team innovation in multidisciplinary science and engineering groups that ties factors... Read more>>

Jeffrey Church The ever-growing body of literature on civil society can benefit from a return to the original theoretical articulation and defense of the concept in the work of G.W.F. Hegel. Specifically, this article suggests that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's... Read more>>

Laura Sizer Happiness is something we all want and strive for. But what is it and why do we want it so badly? Philosophers have offered two sorts of answers to the first question, identifying happiness either with a psychological state or condition (a... Read more>>

Reka Daniel and Stefan Pollmann The dopaminergic system is known to play a central role in reward-based learning (Schultz, 2006), yet it was also observed to be involved when only cognitive feedback is given (Aron et al., 2004). Within the domain of information... Read more>>

Christopher Hemond, Rachel M. Brown, Edwin M. Robertson Humans have a prodigious capacity to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Being distracted while, for example, performing a complex motor skill adds complexity to a task and thus leads to a performance... Read more>>

Peter Suedfeld, Rajiv Jhangiani Using integrative complexity scoring, the current study addresses how communications by leaders of India and Pakistan have revealed their information processing and decision-making strategies. The hostility between India... Read more>>

By Rachel Barr, Alexis Lauricella, Elizabeth Zack, Sandra L. Calvert. This study described the relations among the amount of child-directed versus adult-directed television exposure at ages 1 and 4 with cognitive outcomes at age 4. Sixty parents completed... Read more>>

Jorge F. del Valle, Amaia Bravo, Mónica López The authors carried out an assessment of social support networks with a sample of 884 Spanish adolescents aged 12 to 17. The main goal was to analyze the development of the figures of parents and peers as... Read more>>

Joan Y. Chiao , Tokiko Harada , Hidetsugu Komeda , Zhang Li , Yoko Mano , Daisuke Saito , Todd B. Parrish , Norihiro Sadato and Tetsuya Iidaka People living in multicultural environments often encounter situations which require them to acquire different... Read more>>

Annabelle Lever This article shows that judicial review has a democratic justification, although it is not necessary for democratic government and its virtues are controversial and often speculative. Against critics like Waldron and Bellamy, it shows... Read more>>

Jacob Hacker A review of The Measure of America: American Human Development Report, 2008-2009 , by Sarah Burd-Sharps, Kristen Lewis, and Eduardo Borges Martins. Reports from abroad on the American condition have a special place in the canon of social... Read more>>

By Daniel G. Campos I discuss the epistemic conditions for the possibility of mathematical discovery that are implied by Peirce’s logic of mathematical inquiry. Peirce describes the mathematician’s reasoning abilities as the powers of imagination, concentration... Read more>>

By Lori Gruen Val Plumwood urged us to attend to earth others in non-dualistic ways. In this essay I suggest that such attention be promoted through what I call "engaged empathy." Engaged empathy involves critical attention to the conditions... Read more>>

By Lauren Barlow Elie Wiesel's Souls on Fire , released in 1972, is a personal retelling of the lives and legends of the early Hasidic masters of Eastern Europe. The novel begins with the movement's founder, the Baal Shem, and chronicles the rise... Read more>>

By Hayrettín Yücesoy This article discusses the translation of ancient Greek, Indian, and Persian texts of philosophy and sciences into Arabic from the eighth through the tenth centuries c.e. In particular, it addresses the issue of how ancient sciences... Read more>>

Francesca Gino, Lisa L. Shu and Max H. Bazerman People often make judgments about the ethicality of others’ behaviors and then decide how harshly to punish such behaviors. When they make these judgments and decisions, sometimes the victims of the unethical... Read more>>

Leslie E. Anderson Parties can be a crucial to democratic function but not all parties or party systems are democratic. Some parties are fully competitive within a pluralist system while others, notably hegemonic parties, are antithetical to democracy... Read more>>

Brian Steensland The "cultural turn" that swept across the social sciences a generation ago ushered in renewed attention to the cultural analysis of politics. Yet despite this growing area of research, there remains a lack of integration between... Read more>>

Barbara Fawcett, Maurice Hanlon In Australia and the United Kingdom over the past two decades, the way human service professionals have been involved in ‘communities’, whether defined by ‘place’, ‘interest’ or ‘exclusion’, has varied with the political... Read more>>

Susana Batel and Paula Castro This paper discusses the potential of the notions of reification and consensualization as developed by the theory of social representations as analytical tools for addressing the communication between the lay and scientific... Read more>>

Maximilien Chaumon , Denis Schwartz and Catherine Tallon-Baudry Oscillatory synchrony in the gamma band (30–120 Hz) has been involved in various cognitive functions including conscious perception and learning. Explicit memory encoding, in particular,... Read more>>

Kristen Renwick Monroea, William Chiua, Adam Martina and Bridgette Portman We contribute to a greater understanding of political psychology by 1) collecting data in a more systematic way for the intellectual community, 2) sensitizing students to the extent... Read more>>

Patricia Mooney Nickel Painting in fin-de-siècle Vienna, like public intellectuality in fin-de-siècle America, was an act of portrayal at a time when artists then, like intellectuals today, composed in an environment characterized by rapid technological... Read more>>

Miriam Matthews , Shana Levin , Jim Sidanius Using data from a longitudinal study of college students, this study assessed the relationships among the threat perceptions of realistic threat and intergroup anxiety, the ideological motives of system justification... Read more>>

Seana Moran Purpose is an internal compass that integrates engagement in activities that affect others, self-awareness of one's reasons, and the intention to continue these activities. We argue that purpose represents giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence... Read more>>

Melissa J. Ferguson and Vivian Zayas Humans continuously evaluate aspects of their environment (people, objects, places) in an automatic fashion (i.e., unintentionally, rapidly). Such evaluations can be highly adaptive, triggering behavioral responses... Read more>>

Heidi M. Levitt, Woraporn Rattanasampan, Sean Suwichit, Caroline Stanley, Tamara Robinson This qualitative study provides an understanding of how and when individuals experience transformational change as a consequence of reading narratives. Six participants... Read more>>

Colin Campbell The concept of agency, although central to many sociological debates, has remained frustratingly elusive to pin down. This article is an attempt to open up what has been called the "black box" of personal agency by distinguishing... Read more>>

Francois Collet In this article, I revisit Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus and contrast it with Herbert Simon's notion of bounded rationality. Through a discussion of the literature of economic sociology on status and Fligstein's political... Read more>>

Nivien Saleh Positivism dominates research in U.S. political science. I will show that even though critical realism is virtually unknown in the discipline, realist concepts have found their way into debates among qualitative methodologists. The analysis... Read more>>

Chang-Jiang Liu, Shu Li Research on the construction of self and of others has indicated that the way that individuals construe themselves and others exerts an important influence on their cognition, emotion, and even behavior. The present study extends... Read more>>

Ryan T. McKay, Daniel C. Dennett From an evolutionary standpoint, a default presumption is that true beliefs are adaptive and misbeliefs maladaptive. But if humans are biologically engineered to appraise the world accurately and to form true beliefs,... Read more>>

George Ainslie The radical evolutionary step that divides human decision-making from that of nonhumans is the ability to excite the reward process for its own sake, in imagination. Combined with hyperbolic over-valuation of the present, this ability is... Read more>>

Pascal Boyer A large amount of research in cognitive psychology is focused on memory distortions, understood as deviations from various (largely implicit) standards. Many alleged distortions actually suggest a highly functional system that balances the... Read more>>

By Nicholas Maxwell. What ought to be the aims of science? How can science best serve humanity? What would an ideal science be like, a science that is sensitively and humanely responsive to the needs, problems and aspirations of people? How ought the... Read more>>

by Ute Kunzmann and David Richter Previously, we found that during films about age-typical losses, older adults experienced greater sadness than young adults, whereas their physiological responses were just as large. In the present study, our goal was... Read more>>

Ralph Hertwig and Stefan M. Herzog Homo economicus cannot help but be puzzled by people's baffling array of social behaviors that conflict with economic theory. To accommodate these “deviant” behaviors within the standard view of rationality, defined... Read more>>

Klaus Fiedler and Michaela Wänke The entire discipline of social cognition has been greatly influenced by the heuristics-and-biases research program, which was traditionally based on an internal attribution of bounded rationality to the individual's... Read more>>

Martie G. Haselton , Gregory A. Bryant , Andreas Wilke , David A. Frederick , Andrew Galperin , Willem E. Frankenhuis , Tyler Moore A casual look at the literature in social cognition reveals a vast collection of biases, errors, violations of rational... Read more>>

Giovanni Frazzetto & Suzanne Anker Neuroscience addresses questions that, if resolved, will reveal aspects of our individuality. Therefore neuroscientific knowledge is not solely constrained within laboratories, but readily captures the attention... Read more>>

by Eric Luis Uhlmann, David A. Pizarro, David Tannenbaum and Peter H. Ditto Five studies demonstrated that people selectively use general moral principles to rationalize preferred moral conclusions. In Studies 1a and 1b, college students and community... Read more>>

By: Monique M. H. Pollman and Catrin Finkenauer Understanding is at the heart of intimate relationships. It is unclear, however, whether understanding—partners’ subjective feeling that they understand each other—or knowledge—partners’ accurate knowledge... Read more>>

By Yukiko Uchida, Sarah S. M. Townsend, Hazel Rose Markus, and Hilary B. Bergsieker Four studies using open-ended and experimental methods test the hypothesis that in Japanese contexts, emotions are understood as between people, whereas in American contexts... Read more>>

By Samir Okasha In models of multi-level selection, the property of Darwinian fitness is attributed to entities at more than one level of the biological hierarchy, e.g. individuals and groups. However, the relation between individual and group fitness... Read more>>

A review of Michael Ruse's book by Matt Gers. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Biology covers a broad range of topics in this field. It is not just a textbook focusing on evolutionary theory but encompasses ethics, social science and behaviour... Read more>>

By Kai Kresse This article investigates ‘wisdom’ from an ethnographic perspective that pays attention to the ways in which knowledge is performed, appreciated, negotiated and questioned in everyday life in Mombasa, on the Swahili coast. It discusses the... Read more>>

By Wesley J. Wildman Brains are amazing organs in all creatures with central nervous systems and especially in human beings. But they are not perfect. Without forgetting the larger success story of cognitive evolution, I want to explore the way that cognitive... Read more>>

By Christopher J. Thompson To behold the heavens and gaze upon the infinite expanse of a star-studded sky, indeed to ponder any vista of creation's splendor is to be drawn not merely into the mystery of creation, the intricacies of cause and effect;... Read more>>

by Michael C. Mozer, Harold Pashler and Hadjar Homaei Griffiths and Tenenbaum (2006) asked individuals to make predictions about the duration or extent of everyday events (e.g., cake baking times), and reported that predictions were optimal, employing... Read more>>

by Stephan Lewandowsky, Thomas L. Griffiths, Michael L. Kalish Determining the knowledge that guides human judgments is fundamental to understanding how people reason, make decisions, and form predictions. We use an experimental procedure called ‘‘iterated... Read more>>

by Jeremy Taylor "Renowned dream expert Jeremy Taylor can help you discover how the hidden messages in your dreams can change your life. In The Wisdom of Your Dreams: Using Dreams to Tap Into Your Unconscious and Transform Your Life, Taylor shows... Read more>>

By Tarmo Toom This study compares Augustine's remarks on language acquisition in the Confessions with those of Stoics, Epicureans, and Pyrrhonists and assesses the similarities and differences of the respective accounts. It studies a specific issue... Read more>>

Joaquín M. Fuster Converging evidence from humans and nonhuman primates is obliging us to abandon conventional models in favor of a radically different, distributed-network paradigm of cortical memory. Central to the new paradigm is the concept of memory... Read more>>

Miriam Brandt, Ellen van Wilgenburg, Robert Sulc, Kenneth J Shea and Neil D Tsutsui (wisdom grantee) Background Ants form highly social and cooperative colonies that compete, and often fight, against other such colonies, both intra- and interspecifically... Read more>>

by Andrew Healy This paper presents experimental evidence about how effectively individuals learn from information coming from heterogeneous sources. In the experiment, Thai subjects observed information that came from Americans and from other Thais that... Read more>>

Giorgio Ganis and Julian Paul Keenan William Hazlitt (1778-1830), a British writer, once asserted that, “life is the art of being deceived.” Human social relations are so steeped in deception that it is impossible to imagine life without it. From great... Read more>>

Laura Menenti , Karl Magnus Petersson, René Scheeringa , and Peter Hagoort Both local discourse and world knowledge are known to influence sentence processing. We investigated how these two sources of information conspire in language comprehension. Two... Read more>>

Arie W. Kruglanski and Edward Orehek We analyze two conceptions of rationality featured in the social science literature, rationality as a means-ends relation and rationality as logical consistency . The former concerns the rationality of actions ; it... Read more>>

Igor Ryabov The academic achievement of immigrant children has been a focus of social research for decades. Yet little attention has been paid to peer social capital and its importance as a school context factor for the academic success of immigrant youths... Read more>>

Kathleen Gerson Sociology's enduring concern with explaining the links between individual and social change has never been more relevant. We are poised at a moment when changing lives are colliding with resistant institutions. These tensions have... Read more>>

Carla Bagnoli This article argues that immoralists do not fully enjoy autonomous agency because they are not capable of engaging in the proper form of practical reflection, which requires relating to others as having equal standing. An adequate diagnosis... Read more>>

Felipe De Brigard, Eric Mandelbaum, David Ripley Some theorists think that the more we get to know about the neural underpinnings of our behaviors, the less likely we will be to hold people responsible for their actions. This intuition has driven some... Read more>>

Matthew S. Wood, J. Michael Pearson This article develops a theoretical model that suggests that differential levels of uncertainty, knowledge relatedness, and richness of information will have a substantial impact on the decision to engage in entrepreneurship... Read more>>

Patrick F. Parnaby Borrowing from Bourdieu’s theory of practice, specifically, the relationship between forms of capital and discourse on the one hand and the nature of symbolic domination on the other (see Bourdieu 1998; 1991), this paper seeks to answer... Read more>>

Jeff Noonan Human life is finite. Given that lifetime is necessarily limited, the experience of time in any given society is a central ethical problem. If all or most of human lifetime is consumed by routine tasks (or resting for the resumption of routine... Read more>>

Michael T. Wojnowicz, Melissa J. Ferguson, Rick Dale, Michael J. Spivey How do minds produce explicit attitudes over several hundred milliseconds? Speeded evaluative measures have revealed implicit biases beyond cognitive control and subjective awareness... Read more>>

William M.P. Klein and Peter R. Harris We explored whether self-affirmation enhances attentional bias toward threatening elements of a persuasive message. Female alcohol consumers read an article linking alcohol to *** cancer and were then exposed supraliminally... Read more>>

Emilio J. Castillo Science and scientific production have been widely promoted as powerful tools for advancing national economic and social development. While much progress has been made in determining whether this is the case, less understood are the... Read more>>

Francesca Grippa and Peter A. Gloor We measured interpersonal perception accuracy by focusing on the relationship between actors’ centrality and their ability to accurately report their social interactions. We used the network measures of actors’ betweenness... Read more>>

Sondra Gonzalez-Bailon Links play a twofold role on the web: they open the channels through which users access information, and they determine the centrality of sites and their visibility. This paper adds two factors to the analysis of links that aim... Read more>>

Jennifer Tolleson In contrast to its revolutionary beginnings, the psychoanalytic discourse has abandoned its potential as a critical, dissident force in contemporary life. It is imperative, in our efforts to engage in socially responsible clinical practice... Read more>>

Mei-Chuan Wang, Sharon G. Horne, Heidi M. Levitt, Lisa M. Klesges The study examined Christian women's religious beliefs and practices in relationship to their intimate partner violence (IPV) relationships. The religious variables included religious... Read more>>

by Joachim Gross and Markus Ploner Recent non-invasive studies in humans provide new insights into the timing of perceptual decision making and show that integrated sensory evidence is represented in motor areas well before a behavioral response. Read... Read more>>

by Alex H. Taylor and Russell D. Gray A new study shows that rooks are able to spontaneously drop stones into a tube of water to obtain a floating worm. This sophisticated problem solving raises intriguing questions about the use of imagination in animals... Read more>>

by Wade Davis "Over the past decade, many of us have been alarmed to learn of the rapidly accelerating extinction of our planet's diverse flora and fauna. But how many of us know that our human cultural diversity is also going extinct at a shocking... Read more>>

"In making decisions, when should we go with our gut and when should we try to analyze every option? When should we use our intuition and when should we rely on logic and statistics? Most of us would probably agree that for important decisions, we... Read more>>

Camille Roth, Jean-Philippe Cointet Socio-semantic networks involve agents creating and processing information: communities of scientists, software developers, wiki contributors and webloggers are, among others, examples of such knowledge networks. We... Read more>>

Dustin P. Calvillo and Alan Penaloza The deliberation-without-attention effect occurs when better decisions are made when people experience a period of distraction before a decision than when they make decisions immediately or when they spend time reflecting... Read more>>

Ap Dijksterhuis , Maarten W. Bos , Andries van der Leij , and Rick B. van Baaren In two experiments, we investigated the effects of expertise and mode of thought on the accuracy of people's predictions. Both experts and nonexperts predicted the results... Read more>>

Karim S. Kassam , Katrina Koslov , Wendy Berry Mendes People frequently make decisions under stress. Understanding how stress affects decision making is complicated by the fact that not all stress responses are created equal. Challenge states, for example... Read more>>

by Jeffrey Dean Webster Abstract : The current project investigates wisdom and positive psychosocial characteristics in young adults in a series of three overlapping studies. Study 1 ( N = 61) investigated wisdom and ego-integrity, values, and life attitudes... Read more>>

By Konrad Banicki. The main purpose of this article is to undertake a conceptual investigation of the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm: a psychological project initiated by Paul Baltes and intended to study the complex phenomenon of wisdom. Firstly, in order to... Read more>>

by Marshall Abrams Abstract: It’s recently been argued that biological fitness can’t change over the course of an organism’s life as a result of organisms’ behaviors. However, some characterizations of biological function and biological altruism tacitly... Read more>>

By Claudia Blöser, Aron Schöpf and Marcus Willaschek The aim of this paper is to suggest that a necessary condition of autonomy has not been sufficiently recognized in the literature: the capacity to critically reflect on one’s practical attitudes (desires... Read more>>

By Adrian Furnham In all, 187 participants completed a new, self-report measure of eight multiple intelligences (Haselbauer 2005), a General Knowledge test (Irwing et al. Personality and Individual Differences 30:857–871, 2001), a measure of Approaches... Read more>>

Dean Keith Simonton Prior research supports the inference that scientific disciplines can be ordered into a hierarchy ranging from the "hard" natural sciences to the "soft" social sciences. This ordering corresponds with such objective... Read more>>

Anne Mesny This paper attempts to clarify or to reposition some of the controversies generated by Burawoy’s defense of public sociology and by his vision of the mutually stimulating relationship between the different forms of sociology. Before arguing... Read more>>

Erik Bijleveld, Ruud Custers, and Henk Aarts No abstract available. Read the article . Read more>>

Paul D. Windschitl, Andrew R. Smith, Jason P. Rose and Zlatan Krizan Does desire for an outcome inflate optimism? Previous experiments have produced mixed results regarding the desirability bias , with the bulk of supportive findings coming from one paradigm... Read more>>

By Helen Yitah This study is an attempt to document and critically explore what I term the "proverbial revolt" of Kasena women from northern Ghana. The women take advantage of a socially sanctioned medium, the joking relationship that exists... Read more>>

By Joshua A. Weller; Irwin P. Levin; Baba Shiv; Antoine Bechara Several lines of functional neuroimaging studies have attributed a role for the insula, a critical component of the brain's emotional circuitry, in risky decision-making. However, very... Read more>>

By Grégoire Mallard, Michèle Lamont, Joshua Guetzkow Epistemological differences fuel continuous and frequently divisive debates in the social sciences and the humanities. Sociologists have yet to consider how such differences affect peer evaluation.... Read more>>

By Pollmann, Monique; Finkenauer, Catrin When making affective forecasts, people commit the impact bias. They overestimate the impact an emotional event has on their affective experience. In three studies we show that people also commit the impact bias... Read more>>

By Marianne van Woerkom and Karin Sanders | Journal of Business and Psychology ' Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of disagreement and cohesiveness on knowledge sharing in teams, and on the performance of individual team... Read more>>

By Gail F. Latta Change resides at the heart of leadership. Organizational culture is one of many situational variables that have emerged as pivotal in determining the success of leaders' efforts to implement change initiatives. This article introduces... Read more>>

Ellen Peters, Nathan F. Dieckmann, Daniel Västfjäll, C. K. Mertz, Paul Slovic, Judith H. Hibbard Decision makers are often quite poor at using numeric information in decisions. The results of 4 experiments demonstrate that a manipulation of evaluative... Read more>>

By R. Radhakrishnan. The purpose of this essay is to complicate the rationale that informs "our" will to comparative knowledge. Why do we want to compare when we are not sure who the "we" is? Any act of comparison, despite the best... Read more>>

By Pheng Cheah. If comparison is a fundamental activity of human consciousness, then what is its stimulus internal to consciousness or the human spirit or something that comes from the external or objective world? This essay traces the genealogy of the... Read more>>

By Amos Yong | Religious Studies Review "This volume extends the conversation opened up by the series of volumes produced by the jointly sponsored Vatican Observatory and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences (Berkeley, CA) ventures and... Read more>>

By P. J. Henry and David O Sears 'The conventional wisdom is that racial prejudice remains largely stable through adulthood. However, very little is known about the development of contemporary racial attitudes like symbolic racism. The growing crystallization... Read more>>

By Robin Dunbar. "Just what makes the difference between apes (and especially chimpanzees) and humans has remained one of the perennial questions that has bedeviled much of the debate in comparative psychology, as well as primatology and anthropology... Read more>>

By Angela M. Brant and et al. "The genetic and environmental trends in IQ development were assessed in 483 same-sex twin pairs in the Colorado longitudinal twin study using maximum-likelihood model-fitting analysis. The twins were assessed periodically... Read more>>

In 3 studies, participants made choices between hypothetical financial, environmental, and health gains and losses that took effect either immediately or with a delay of 1 or 10 years. In all 3 domains, choices indicated that gains were discounted more... Read more>>

By Joshua D. Greene, et al. (Joshua Green is a wisdom grantee). In some cases people judge it morally acceptable to sacrifice one person’s life in order to save several other lives, while in other similar cases they make the opposite judgment. Researchers... Read more>>

By Ryan P. Hanley, a wisdom grantee. The Scottish Enlightenment is commonly identified as the birthplace of modern social science. But while Scottish and contemporary social science share a commitment to empiricism, contemporary insistence on the separation... Read more>>

By Kristin D. Neff The idea that people need high self-esteem in order to be psychologically healthy is almost a truism in Western developmental psychology. Parents are told that one of their most important tasks is to nurture their children’s self-esteem... Read more>>

By M. FRANZ & C. L. NUNN "Culture is widely thought to be beneficial when social learning is less costly than individual learning and thus may explain the enormous ecological success of humans. Rogers (1988. Does biology constrain culture. Am... Read more>>

By R. I. M. Dunbar "The social brain hypothesis was proposed as an explanation for the fact that primates have unusually large brains for body size compared to all other vertebrates: Primates evolved large brains to manage their unusually complex... Read more>>

George I. Christopoulos, Philippe N. Tobler, Peter Bossaerts, Raymond J. Dolan, and Wolfram Schultz Decision making under risk is central to human behavior. Economic decision theory suggests that value, risk, and risk aversion influence choice behavior... Read more>>

By Ann Gleig "This edited collection provides a useful and clear overview of the increasing adoption of mindfulness practice by psychotherapeutic and medical communities. Defining mindfulness as the "awareness of present experience with acceptance... Read more>>

By Terry Regier and Paul Kay "The Whorf hypothesis holds that we view the world filtered through the semantic categories of our native language. Over the years, consensus has oscillated between embrace and dismissal of this hypothesis. Here, we review... Read more>>

This chapter in Leemon McHenry's book acknowledges Nicholas Maxwell's quest since the early 1980s: Maxwell has called for a shift in academic focus from knowledge acquisition for its own sake to “what is of value in life” for human beings. Knowledge... Read more>>

William Hart, Dolores Albarracín, Alice H. Eagly, Inge Brechan, Matthew J. Lindberg, Lisa Merrill A meta-analysis assessed whether exposure to information is guided by defense or accuracy motives. The studies examined information preferences in relation... Read more>>

Karoline Strauss , Mark A. Griffin and Alannah E. Rafferty Employees' proactive behaviour is increasingly important for organizations seeking to adapt in uncertain economic environments. This study examined the link between leadership and proactive... Read more>>

Marcia K. Johnson , Susan Nolen-Hoeksema , Karen J. Mitchell and Yael Levin Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated neural activity associated with self-reflection in depressed [current major depressive episode (MDE)] and healthy... Read more>>

Karola Stotz Recent years have seen the development of an approach both to general philosophy and philosophy of science often referred to as ‘experimental philosophy’ or just ‘X-Phi’. Philosophers often make or presuppose empirical claims about how people... Read more>>

Pieter J. Beers and Pieter W.G. Bots Constructing interdisciplinary knowledge is particularly difficult because scientific knowledge is situated in its discipline. Researchers must find common ground to share, and this causes high transaction costs. This... Read more>>

Cokely, E.T., & Feltz, A. When the side effect of an action involves moral considerations (e.g. when a chairman’s pursuit of profits harms the environment) it tends to influence theory-of-mind judgments. On average, bad side effects are judged intentional... Read more>>

Straubinger, N., Cokely, E.T., & Stevens, J.R. According to Aristotle, humans are the rational animal. The borderline between rationality and irrationality is fundamental to many aspects of human life including the law, mental health, and language... Read more>>

This essay is an attempt to explore the ontology of context by elucidating its uses in the production of new knowledges out of the old. It is argued that some of the master concepts in anthropological discourse, to wit nature, culture, society and the... Read more>>

The fact that we ought to prefer what is comparatively more likely to be good, I argue, does, contrary to consequentialism, not rest on any evaluative facts. It is, in this sense, a deontological requirement. As such it is the basis of our valuing those... Read more>>

"Monkeys like to know the size of rewards coming their way, and, in the brain, this desire is signalled by the same dopamine neurons that signal primitive rewards like sex and food. Ethan Bromberg-Martin and Okihide Hikosaka of the National Eye Institute... Read more>>

In this article, I argue that if we challenge some tacit assumptions of narrow rationality that endure in much of entrepreneurial studies, we can elevate entrepreneurial ethics beyond mere external constraints on rational action, and move toward fuller... Read more>>

Nigel E. Raine A recent study has found that butterflies maintain behavioural plasticity useful to them in rare environments by reducing associated costs in common environments. Butterflies use innate sensory biases to locate common green hosts, but learn... Read more>>

Justin L. Vincent A recent study shows that brain activity recorded while the human subject is at ‘rest’ is significantly affected by a prior learning episode. These results suggest that understanding resting brain activity may be critical to understanding... Read more>>

The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding, by Sarah Blaffer Hrdy Somewhere in Africa, more than a million years ago, a line of apes began to rear their young differently than their Great Ape ancestors. From this new form of care came new ways of... Read more>>

William E. Stempsey This article is an introduction to a special issue of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics on clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning encompasses the gamut of thinking about clinical medical practice-the evaluation and management of patients'... Read more>>

Exploring informal components of clinical reasoning, we argue that they need to be understood via the analysis of professional wisdom. Wise decisions are needed where action or insight is vital, but neither everyday nor expert knowledge provides solutions... Read more>>

After witnessing the trial of Adolf Eichmann, Hannah Arendt was particularly astonished not by the criminal's horrific deeds during the Holocaust but by his thoughtlessness. Thoughtlessness is not stupidity but the inability or failure to think from... Read more>>

By Howard C. Nusbaum, et al. "The human brain demonstrates complex yet systematic patterns of neural activity at rest. We examined whether functional connectivity among those brain regions typically active during rest depends on ongoing and recent... Read more>>

Christopher Suhler and Patricia Churchland "In the target article discussion of the Changing Ethical Norms category, Kon (2009) rightly highlights the contributions psychological research can make to bioethics. In this commentary, we suggest that... Read more>>

The macromarketing system is largely the function of many micromarketing decisions made each day. But this connection has not been probed thoroughly in the macromarketing literature, and there is a need for conceptual frameworks that can successfully... Read more>>

Jonathan M. Weinberg and Stephen Crowley Experimental philosophy is often regarded as a category mistake. Even those who reject that view typically see it as irrelevant to standard philosophical projects. We argue that neither of these claims can be sustained... Read more>>

A recent publication by one of our grantees and colleagues, Heidi Levitt. This article presents a grounded theory analysis of the experience of sustaining an abiding curiosity. Results emphasize how curiosity became inherently motivating and pleasurable... Read more>>

Co-authored by one of our grantees, Eddy Nahmias. "In this paper, we examine Adam Feltz and Edward Cokely’s recent claim that “the personality trait extraversion predicts people’s intuitions about the relationship of determinism to free will and... Read more>>

Emmanuel M. Pothos and Jerome R. Busemeyer Two experimental tasks in psychology, the two-stage gambling game and the Prisoner's Dilemma game, show that people violate the sure thing principle of decision theory. These paradoxical findings have resisted... Read more>>

"In this groundbreaking look at the evolution of our brains, eminent neuroscientists Gary Lynch and Richard Granger uncover the mysteries of the outsize intelligence of our ancestors, who had bigger brains than humans living today. Weaving together... Read more>>

J oanna S wann " This paper draws on the philosophy of Karl Popper to present a descriptive evolutionary epistemology that offers philosophical solutions to the following related problems: 'What happens when learning takes place?' and 'What... Read more>>

D avid C arr & D on S kinner "Perhaps the most pressing issue concerning teacher education and training since the end of the Second World War has been that of the role of theory—or principled reflection—in professional expertise. Here, although... Read more>>

Steven R. Quartz Many models of judgment and decision-making posit distinct cognitive and emotional contributions to decision-making under uncertainty. Cognitive processes typically involve exact computations according to a cost-benefit calculus, whereas... Read more>>

Adam Feltz and Edward T. Cokely "Recently, there has been an increased interest in folk intuitions about freedom and moral responsibility from both philosophers and psychologists. We aim to extend our understanding of folk intuitions about freedom... Read more>>

Neeru Paharia, Karim S. Kassam, Joshua D. Greene and Max H. Bazerman When powerful people cause harm, they often do so indirectly through other people. Are harmful actions carried out through others evaluated less negatively than harmful actions carried... Read more>>

by Jeffrey A. Greene and Scott C. Brown Researchers are gaining an interest in the concept of wisdom, a more holistic yet often ineffable educational outcome. Models of wisdom abound, but few have rigorously tested measures. This study looks at Brown... Read more>>

Feltz, A., Cokely, E.T., Nadelhoffer, T. In the free will literature, some compatibilists and some incompatibilists claim that their views best capture ordinary intuitions concerning free will and moral responsibility. One goal of researchers working... Read more>>

David F. Ford The origins of scriptural reasoning, in which Jews, Christians and Muslims study their scriptures in conversation with each other, are described. Some maxims implicit in its form of Abrahamic collegiality are distilled (including the emphasis... Read more>>

Liviu G. Cri an, Simona Pan , Romana Vulturar, Renata M. Heilman, Raluca Szekely,Bogdan Drug and Andrei C. Miu Serotonin (5-HT) modulates emotional and cognitive functions such as fear conditioning (FC) and decision making. This study investigated the... Read more>>

Arwen B. Long, Cynthia M. Kuhn and Michael L. Platt Some people love taking risks, while others avoid gambles at all costs. The neural mechanisms underlying individual variation in preference for risky or certain outcomes, however, remain poorly understood... Read more>>

This article compares some aspects of Saint Augustine's philosophy with the ideas that underlay mindfulness work in modern psychotherapy. It suggests that some ideas current in behavioral treatments like ACT, DBT and FAP can be recognised in Saint... Read more>>

Jason A. Clark In the last 10 years, several authors including Griffiths and Matthen have employed classificatory principles from biology to argue for a radical revision in the way that we individuate psychological traits. Arguing that the fundamental... Read more>>

James A.R. Marshall and Nigel R. Franks "What is cognition? We favour the following definition of cognition: “cognition [is] the ability to use internal representations of information acquired in separate events, and to combine these to generate... Read more>>

Parashkev Nachev, Yee-Haur Mah and Masud Husain A new study mapping the functional effects of brain lesions has revealed a surprising map of human intelligence, stimulating a re-evaluation of data from purely correlative methods such as functional magnetic... Read more>>

Ellouise Leadbeater The recent finding that female Drosophila copy the mate-choice criteria of other females introduces a mainstream model species to the study of how animals use social information. Read the article. Read more>>

Johan J. Bolhuis & Clive D. L. Wynne "Biologists have tended to assume that closely related species will have similar cognitive abilities. Johan J. Bolhuis and Clive D. L. Wynne put this evolutionarily inspired idea through its paces. Darwin's... Read more>>

Martin Heisenberg Scientists and philosophers are using new discoveries in neuroscience to question the idea of free will. They are misguided, says Martin Heisenberg. Examining animal behaviour shows how our actions can be free... Read the essay. Read more>>

by Ellen J. Langer "If we could turn back the clock psychologically, could we also turn it back physically? For more than thirty years, award-winning social psychologist Ellen Langer has studied this provocative question, and now, in Counterclockwise... Read more>>

Excerpt: " Transhumanism is the view that humans should be permitted to use technology in order to re-make human nature, offered as the next stage in human evolution. It differs from posthumanism in as much as posthumanity is largely concerned with... Read more>>

Perspective on wisdom, holism, and epistemics, a term used to describe the systematic study of subjective knowledge. This article is a commentary on the Neurobiology of Wisdom article in the same issue and journal. by James C. Harris, M.D. There is in... Read more>>

Abstract: The optimal responses for many decisions faced by humans are ill defined, yet we are able to choose well by associating choices with outcomes, and employing this information in decision making.Previous studies suggest that the parietal cortex... Read more>>

Widdershoven, G (Widdershoven, Guy), Abma, T (Abma, Tineke), Molewijk, B (Molewijk, Bert) Abstract: In this article, we present a dialogical approach to empirical ethics, based upon hermeneutic ethics and responsive evaluation. Hermeneutic ethics regards... Read more>>

by van Thiel, G. J. M. W., van Delden, J. J. M. Abstract: A recurrent issue in the vast amount of literature on reasoning models in ethics is the role and nature of moral intuitions. In this paper, we start from the view that people who work and live... Read more>>

Sandra Schmidt Bunkers, RN; PhD; FAAN Abstract: In this column questions concerning wisdom are addressed, such as, what is wisdom? Can wisdom be taught in the academy? Several perspectives on wisdom from philosophy, education, business, and psychology... Read more>>

Marguerite J. Purnell, RN; PhD Abstract: Light is the metaphor for wisdom; we seek and turn toward light as we seek and reach for wisdom, personally and professionally. The purpose of human life is, as Jung noted, kindling the light of meaning to illuminate... Read more>>

McKenna, Bernard, Rooney, David, Boal, Kimberley B " Abstract : This article responds to calls in the management and leadership literature to articulate a role for wisdom. While many talk about the role of wisdom, few people have attempted to articulate... Read more>>

by Martin Frické Abstract : The paper evaluates the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy. This hierarchy, also known as the 'knowledge hierarchy', is part of the canon of information science and management. Arguments are offered... Read more>>

David Rooney, Bernard McKenna Abstract: Important aspects of knowledge that are underresearched include links between knowledge, wisdom and leadership. This represents a research lacuna, which, if addressed, can help leaders develop knowledge-based strategies... Read more>>

EMIL VIŠŇOVSKÝ "From among the many philosophies that have ever existed, the best versions may be considered the philosophies that exert their effect on human conduct. Philosophy for the sake of philosophy itself may be edifying and sublime, like... Read more>>

Thomas W. Meeks, MD; Dilip V. Jeste, MD Context Wisdom is a unique psychological trait noted since antiquity, long discussed in humanities disciplines, recently operationalized by psychology and sociology researchers, but largely unexamined in psychiatry... Read more>>

Konrad R. Fialkowski "In their paper, “Archaic Human Admixture,” Garrigan and Kingan ( 2007 ) wrote, In contrast to Xp21 and RRM2P4 examples, in which the putatively introgressed archaic lineages were found at relatively low frequencies, the MCPH1... Read more>>

Sarah K. Paul In “Practical Knowledge,” Kieran Setiya argues for the thesis that “forming an intention is forming a belief about what one is doing, or what one is going to do.” He then takes up what appears to be a curious consequence of this thesis:... Read more>>

By Sharon Rich, John McLaughlin Educators must adapt the institutions in which they work to ensure students' wisdom is developed. They should recognize and articulate the current educational context, broaden their perspective of education , be prepared... Read more>>

By Seana Moran, a wisdom grantee. "Commitment involves how a person invests resources in a work role over long periods of time. Creativity is a novel, appropriate variation that is embraced by a field of gatekeepers and transforms the symbolic domain... Read more>>

The planning theory of intention and of our agency highlights the fundamental coordinating and organizing roles of structures of planning in the temporally extended and social practical thought and action of agents like us. Intentions are elements of... Read more>>

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Our theoretical understanding of individual differences can be used as a tool to test and refine theory. Individual differences are useful because judgments, including philosophically relevant intuitions, are the predictable products of the fit between... Read more>>

"Michael S. Gazzaniga, a pioneer and world leader in cognitive neuroscience, has made an initial attempt to develop neuroethics into a brain-based philosophy of life that he hopes will replace the irrational religious and political belief-systems... Read more>>

Abstract: This article reports exploratory research on the meanings associated with the concept of wisdom by two groups of intending information professionals. Concern for the limited success of knowledge management initiatives and the complexity and... Read more>>

"Organizational justice research traditionally focuses on the unique predictability of different types of justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) and the relative importance of these types of justice on outcome variables. Recently,... Read more>>

by Leemon McHenry (Ed.) "Nicholas Maxwell's provocative and highly-original philosophy of science urges a revolution in academic inquiry affecting all branches of learning, so that the single-minded pursuit of knowledge is replaced with the aim... Read more>>

A recently published review of J.L. Schellenberg's 2007 "The Wisdom to Doubt: A Justification of Religious Skepticism," Cornell University Press, 2007 by Jack Macintosh. Read the review Read more>>

Abstract: Planning for a future, rather than a current, mental state is a cognitive process generally viewed as uniquely human. Here, however, I shall report on a decade of observations of spontaneous planning by a male chimpanzee in a zoo. The planning... Read more>>

The paper explores the question: Is humanity undergoing a radical shift in consciousness and are we in the beginnings of a new enlightenment that takes us beyond belief? I argue that we have entered a ‘transmodern age’ and identify, using key words, the... Read more>>

This paper compares, for the first time in one paper, two of the most eminent poet scientists of the seventeenh century and their enquiry into the challenges of science and technology, culture and society, and then, just as now, of a new beckoning enlightenment... Read more>>

"The human brain is a magnificent instrument that has evolved over thousands of years to enable us to prosper in an impressive range of conditions. But it is wired to avoid complexity (not embrace it) and to respond quickly to ensure survival (not... Read more>>

Daniel Ochieng Orwenjo In Africa, the transmission of the overwhelming complexity of the people's day-to-day experiences are deeply rooted in the continent's rich cultural artistry. Proverbs are the most widely and commonly used in the continent's... Read more>>

Elizabeth Ann Smythe, Tony MacCulloch, Richard Charmley The lived experience of professional supervision is complex and dynamic. Techne, the knowledge that informs the 'know-how' of practice, offers guidance. Phronesis, the dynamic wisdom that... Read more>>

Herzog, Stefan M., Hertwig, Ralph The “wisdom of crowds” in making judgments about the future or other unknown events is well established. The average quantitative estimate of a group of individuals is consistently more accurate than the typical estimate... Read more>>

Timothy J. Lukes and Mary F. Scudder We suggest that Book Five of the Republic , where Plato discusses the status of women in the guardian class, is a superb source of Platonic insight. For it is precisely the discussion of women that is most vulnerable... Read more>>

Abstract: Human cognition requires coping with a complex and uncertain world. This suggests that dealing with uncertainty may be the central challenge for human reasoning. In Bayesian Rationality we argue that probability theory, the calculus of uncertainty... Read more>>

In this chapter, we propose that society- and organization-level social context cues influence the endorsement of ethical leadership. More specifically, we propose that certain organizational culture values provide proximal contextual cues that people... Read more>>

"Everyday inductive inferences are often guided by rich background knowledge. Formal models of induction should aim to incorporate this knowledge and should explain how different kinds of knowledge lead to the distinctive patterns of reasoning found... Read more>>

Michael Bonnett Considerations arising in the context of burgeoning concerns about the environment can provoke an exploration of issues that have significance both for environmental education in particular and education more generally. Notions of the... Read more>>

by Håkan Tell Plato constantly accuses the sophists of teaching for money.1 For example, in the Hippias Maior (282c–d), Sokrates elaborates a distinction between the wise men of old, who did not think it right to charge fees, and the sophists of his own... Read more>>

The Senate Electoral Cycle and Bicameral Appropriations Politics Kenneth A. Shepsle 1 Robert P. Van Houweling 2 Samuel J. Abrams 3 Peter C. Hanson 4 We consider the consequences of the Senate electoral cycle and bicameralism for distributive politics... Read more>>

Published as the following authors: Wang, YanYan, Haynes, John D and Thaldorf, Carey. Read more>>

Philippe N. Tobler Emerging evidence suggests that the long-established distinction between habit-based and goal-directed decision-making mechanisms can also be sustained in humans. Although the habit-based system has been extensively studied in humans... Read more>>

Article available at http://www.asmr.eg.net Read more>>

Kim Samudra Jaida Anthropologists studying dance, sports, or other kinesthetic cultures may face the difficulty of rendering into analytic discourse those bodily practices consultants do not express verbally. Through thick participation, we may use our... Read more>>

Michel Ferrari and Georges Potworowski, eds. Wisdom is valued as an ideal aim of personal development around the world. But we rarely see how wisdom is understood in different religious and philosophical traditions and different scientific disciplines... Read more>>

Authors are Jointly (lead author first): Haynes, John D & Mehnaz Saleem & Moona Kanwal Read more>>

by Dilip V. Jeste, M.D. and Ipsit V. Vahia, M.D. Abstract: The study of wisdom has recently become a subject of growing scientific interest, although the concept of wisdom is ancient. This article focuses on conceptualization of wisdom in the Bhagavad... Read more>>

by Defining Wisdom grantee Ute Kunzmann In cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from the Berlin Aging Study, fellow researchers and I examined performance-based and self-evaluative indicators of functioning in two realms as predictors of individual... Read more>>

Abstract: Wisdom has intrigued both scholars and laypersons since antiquity. On the one hand, its seemingly ethereal yet obvious qualities are timeless and universal. On the other hand, these same qualities are evolving and responsive to historical and... Read more>>

" Michael S. Gazzaniga, a pioneer and world leader in cognitive neuroscience, has made an initial attempt to develop neuroethics into a brain-based philosophy of life that he hopes will replace the irrational religious and political belief-systems... Read more>>

Qingsong Zhang and Qinglin Zhang, WISDOM: A COURSE BOOK FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS (Daxuesheng Zhihuixue in Chinese, publisher: Xiandai Jiaoyu Publishing House, Beijing, September 2009.ISBN: 978-7-80196-464-9) is a text book for a college course which aims... Read more>>

Abstract: For more than two decades political scientists have discussed rising elite polarization in the United States, but the study of mass polarization did not receive comparable attention until fairly recently. This article surveys the literature... Read more>>

Abstract: Traditional theories of moral development emphasize the role of controlled cognition in mature moral judgment, while a more recent trend emphasizes intuitive and emotional processes. Here we test a dual-process theory synthesizing these perspectives... Read more>>

Abstract: Current data structures for searching large string collections either fail to achieve minimum space or cause too many cache misses. In this paper we discuss some edge linearizations of the classic trie data structure that are simultaneously... Read more>>

Abstract: When people selectively forget feedback that threatens the self ( mnemic neglect ), are those memories permanently lost or potentially recoverable? In two experiments, participants processed feedback pertaining either to themselves or to another... Read more>>

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" Established wisdom in cognitive science holds that the everyday folk psychological abilities of humans—our capacity to understand intentional actions performed for reasons—are inherited from our evolutionary forebears. In Folk Psychological Narratives... Read more>>

Abstract: Rousseau is famous as an advocate of the politics of "denaturing." But attention to his conception of the "science of the legislator," as developed in the Geneva Manuscript and his writings on Poland and Corsica, reveals... Read more>>

Abstract: We propose that social psychological findings on the intuitive bases of moral judgment have broad implications for moral education. The “five foundations theory of intuitive ethics” is applied to explain a longstanding rift in moral education... Read more>>

Available online: http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=bupp_28_3 Read more>>

"The Catholic University of America Press is pleased to announce publication of Understanding Our Being: Introduction to Speculative Philosophy in the Perennial Tradition by John W. Carlson. In the encyclical Fides et ratio, Pope John Paul II called... Read more>>

Valerie Tiberius is a Defining Wisdom RFP grant recipient. Her project, in addition to her new book, is about the psychological bases of reflective wisdom. What can we do to live life wisely? You might think that the answer would be to think and reflect... Read more>>

Assessments of science are important for many different reasons. For individuals early in their careers, metrics of scientific work can provide valuable feedback about where they stand and the progress they have made. For faculty seeking to hire another... Read more>>

Abstract: Formulating the problem of compound lotteries, which marks the origination of expected utility theory (EUT), has generated a stream of formal work in the field of economics decision making. Where subjective EUT determines the rational choice... Read more>>

Individuals with non-fluent aphasia have difficulty producing syntactically laden words, such as function words, whereas individuals with fluent aphasia often have difficulty producing semantically specific words. It is hypothesised that such dissociations... Read more>>

In this article, we analyzed the information processing that underlies nonconscious impression formation. In the first experiment (Experiment 1), the nonconscious activation of the impression formation goal led to a faster analysis of the trait implications... Read more>>

The adaptive toolbox is a Darwinian-inspired theory that conceives of the mind as a modular system that is composed of heuristics, their building blocks, and evolved capacities. The study of the adaptive toolbox is descriptive and analyzes the selection... Read more>>

Some actions are freer than others, and the difference is palpably important in terms of inner process, subjective perception, and social consequences. Psychology can study the difference between freer and less free actions without making dubious metaphysical... Read more>>

A founder of the Deep Ecology Movement, Arne Naess' has produced articles on environmentalism that have provided unmatched inspiration for ecologists, philosophers, and activists worldwide. This collection amasses a definitive group of Naess'... Read more>>

Scholars of various kinds long have documented the great degree to which people are influenced by similar others. Indeed, the opinions, experiences and behaviors of friends, neighbors and coworkers can provide an invaluable gold mine of persuasive resources... Read more>>

One of America's foremost political theorists explores the connections between our political and ethical convictions, changing forever the way we understand the notion of "sovereignty." Throughout the history of human intellectual endeavor... Read more>>

Perspectival Thinking: For Inquiring Organisations , 2nd Printing. Published by Informing Science USA. Author: John D Haynes. Read more>>

by Anna Craft (Editor), Howard Gardner (Editor), Guy Claxton (Editor) This book is oriented towards educators as trustees of the culture to aid development of creativity and wisdom. In this sense it is practice-oriented. This book came up during our Defining... Read more>>

by Patrick McKee The term “wise” applied to judgments is honorific, suggesting special epistemic achievement. That achievement consists in making a judgment on the basis of an aspect of inner experience I call “seeing through illusion.” I analyze the... Read more>>

It seems that people—from philosophers to scientists to journalists to the ordinary “folk” we have surveyed—share the intuition that “if our brain makes us do it, then we aren’t morally responsible.” We think that this intuition runs deep and that it... Read more>>

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is designed to measure the strength of mental association between each of a pair of target categories (e.g., Black vs. White) and each of a pair of attributes (e.g., negative vs. positive). Recent work on the mere acceptance... Read more>>

The Kosmos Journal intro to the article: A long-time researcher of wisdom tells us how outwardly acquired intellectual knowledge and inwardly acquired insightful knowledge imbue transformative action with wisdom and make it maximally effective. The full... Read more>>

If we want to become wiser people, we can develop the characteristics of wisdom — the relevant perspectives, and values, and intellectual knowledge — and incorporate them into our lives. In this article Macdonald discusses 9 tools that can help us do... Read more>>

One aspect of wisdom involves relating local happenings to various contexts. The most fundamental of those contexts are the physical and mental realities with which, and through which, we live our lives. Using contemporary concepts, this article presents... Read more>>

Self-published book based on the retreat of the same name I have l;ed for over 15 years. The central hypothesis of the book is that the theory and practice of leadership is better positioned within the larger topic of wisdom than the dominant managerial... Read more>>

by Nicholas Maxwell From Knowledge to Wisdom argues that there is an urgent need, for both intellectual and humanitarian reasons, to bring about a revolution in science and the humanities. The outcome would be a kind of academic inquiry rationally devoted... Read more>>

Before one tries to approach ancient wisdom one needs to develop a definition of wisdom generally and ask a few more detailed questions about it. Do different peoples and cultures perceive wisdom in the same way? Is it a singular unified concept? Has... Read more>>

The Political Ideas of Leo Strauss, Updated Edition by Shadia B. Drury A book review of Drury's book suggests that the quest for wisdom was pivotal to Strauss' inquiry. Read more>>

For thirty years, Robert J. Sternberg has been among the most vocal critics of narrow conceptions of intelligence. In Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized Sternberg critically reviews and summarizes the best research available on human intelligence... Read more>>

Leadership depends on the situation. Few social scientists would dispute the validity of this statement. But the statement can be interpreted in many different ways, depending, at least in part, on what one means by leadership. This article begins with... Read more>>

The agenda for theory and research in the field of leadership studies has evolved over the last 100 years from focuses on the internal dispositions associated with effective leaders to broader inquiries that include emphases on the cognitions, attributes... Read more>>

This paper revisits the data-information-knowledge- wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy by examining the articulation of the hierarchy in a number of widely read textbooks, and analysing their statements about the nature of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom... Read more>>

The author's research examined automatically activated attitudes toward desired end-states. Across 4 studies, participants' automatic attitudes toward goals (i.e., thinness, egalitarianism) significantly predicted their goal pursuit, including... Read more>>

This study examined the psychosocial correlates and psychometric properties of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) (Webster, 2003 a). Seventy-three men and 98 women ranging in age from 17-92 years (Mean age = 42.77) completed an expanded, 40-item version... Read more>>

This book uses the story of an important intellectual family, the Exners, to shed light on the science, politics, intellectual thought, and culture of fin-de-siècle (end of century) Vienna. Coen focuses on the family’s value of uncertainty, contradicting... Read more>>

The trait-based perspective of leadership has a long but checkered history. Trait approaches dominated the initial decades of scientific leadership research. Later, they were disdained for their inability to offer clear distinctions between leaders and... Read more>>

This article reviews a systems model of leadership. According to the model, effective leadership is a synthesis of wisdom, creativity, and intelligence (WICS). It is in large part a decision about how to marshal and deploy these resources. One needs creativity... Read more>>

Efforts to educate and develop future military officers aim to produce highly competent, ethical and effective leaders to serve the nation. But while there is general agreement about desired outcomes, the underlying developmental processes associated... Read more>>

This study examined variable and pattern approaches to studying the influence of individual differences on both leadership emergence and leader effectiveness. Emergent leaders were identified and then followed for 9 months of effectiveness data gathering... Read more>>

This paper explores the role the Panhellenic centers played in facilitating the circulation of wisdom in ancient Greece. It argues that there are substantial thematic overlaps among practitioners of wisdom (sigma omicron phi omicron l), who are typically... Read more>>

Deane-Drummond argues that the theological traditions of natural law and wisdom offer helpful meeting points in discussions about evolutionary "purpose" and contingency in relation to theological purpose, and serve to form the basis for a theology... Read more>>

Ample empirical research on values has demonstrated that clients' values tend to become increasingly like those of their therapist during therapy. There is little research, however, on how therapists negotiate value conflicts and the role of values... Read more>>

This paper is about the evolution of hominin intelligence. I agree with defenders of the social intelligence hypothesis in thinking that externalist models of hominin intelligence are not plausible: such models cannot explain the unique cognition and... Read more>>

Despite recent scholarly interest in Monteverdi's Selva morale et spirituale (1641), many aspects of this large, complex print remain enigmatic, and the intended context for much of the music in the collection has long been a matter of pure conjecture... Read more>>

Authors are (lead author first): Haynes John D & Paradice David B paper available at http://dl.acs.org.au/index.php/ajis Read more>>

Two intuitions lie at the heart of our conception of free will. One intuition locates free will in our ability to deliberate effectively and control our actions accordingly: the ‘Deliberation and Control’ (DC) condition. The other intuition is that free... Read more>>

Education policymakers often go astray when they attempt to integrate multiple intelligences theory into schools, according to the originator of the theory, Howard Gardner, and his colleagues. The greatest potential of a multiple intelligences approach... Read more>>

Nathan Bupp interviews Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi on humanistic wisdom. Available online: http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=bupp_26_6&section=library Read more>>

by Benedict M. Ashley Once thought to be the task of metaphysics, the synthesis of knowledge has been discounted by many philosophers today. Benedict Ashley, a leading Thomistic scholar, argues that it remains a valid and intellectually fruitful pursuit... Read more>>

Regarding the nature of wisdom, Macdonald says: "Wisdom is internal, embodied by persons. Words of wisdom arise from it. Wise behavior arises from it. But wisdom itself is not its products. Wisdom is a mode of cognition — one rooted in perspectives... Read more>>

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Authors are (lead author first): Richardson, Sandra M, Courtney, James F and Haynes John D Read more>>

In March and April of 2006, Copthorne Macdonald spent two weeks at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, as a "Thomas P. Johnson Distinguished Visiting Scholar." Among his activities was a public talk on the nature and development of wisdom... Read more>>

by Scott C. Brown and Jeffrey A. Greene In a previous study, a conceptual model of wisdom was created (Brown, 2004a) to better understand integrated learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to measure this wisdom construct. This... Read more>>

Clients who had completed psychotherapy were interviewed about the significant experiences and moments they recalled within their sessions. These interviews were analyzed using grounded theory, creating a hierarchy of categories that represent what clients... Read more>>

The author discusses the role of politics in human activities. She explores several views on politics. She looks at the political interpretations of notable political thinkers, such as Plato and Aristotle. She traces the historical origins of the denial... Read more>>

Autobiographies are particularly interesting in the context of moral philosophy because they offer us rare and extended examples of how other people think, feel and reflect, which is of crucial importance in the development of phronesis (practical wisdom... Read more>>

Vienna’s Institute of Experimental Biology, better known as the Vivarium, helped pioneer the quantification of experimental biology from 1903 to 1938. Among its noteable scientists were the director Hans Przibram and his brother Karl (a physicist), Paul... Read more>>

Contemporary debate suggests that religious belief defies 21st century science and knowledge. Yet in her new and thought-provoking book, Celia Deane-Drummond explores the twin themes of wonder and wisdom and examines their importance in tracing a spirituality... Read more>>

During the tumultuous final decade of the Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III used music as an important tool to further his religious and political agendas. Using the political ramifications of the emperor's public devotion to... Read more>>

This review traces the development of the field of cultural primatology from its origins in Japan in the 1950s to the present. The field has experienced a number of theoretical and methodological influences from diverse fields, including comparative experimental... Read more>>

In this study, the authors explored whether wisdom-related performance could be enhanced by an instruction referring to the abstract concept of wisdom ("try to give a wise response"). The authors used three levels of activation of the concept... Read more>>

Amid the unrest, dislocation, and uncertainty of seventeenth-century Europe, readers seeking consolation and assurance turned to philosophical and scientific books that offered ways of conquering fears and training the mind—guidance for living a good... Read more>>

We argue for attention to the evolutionary origins of economic behavior. Going beyond this, we argue that the economy of hunting and gathering was the context in which evolution shaped human characteristics that underlie modern economic behavior. We first... Read more>>

My initial work, with collaborators Stephen Morris, Thomas Nadelhoffer, and Jason Turner (2005, 2006), on surveying folk intuitions about free will and moral responsibility was designed primarily to test a common claim in the philosophical debates: that... Read more>>

In most studies to date, innovations were studied if their origination was witnessed or if they arose in response to a pronounced environmental change, making it difficult to generalize. In this study, we use an operational definition developed by Ramsey... Read more>>

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We offer a systematic strategy that situates clinical ethical reasoning within the paradigm of clinical reasoning. The trajectory of this strategy parallels clinical reasoning: a plain statement of the initial problem, careful gathering of data, a differential... Read more>>

At a time when poor choices are being made by notably intelligent and powerful individuals, this book analyzes a form of reasoning and decision-making that is not only productive and prudent, but serves as well a beneficial purpose for society. A Handbook... Read more>>

Beginning with remarks on the complementary functions of basic research and interpretive scholarship, the first part of the essay focuses on varying concepts, of Bach images, discusses authentic and unauthentic Bach portraits as well as images of the... Read more>>

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This research uses an autobiographical approach to examine the relation of age to several aspects of wisdom. In Study 1, adolescents', young adults', and older adults' wisdom narratives were content-coded for the types of life situations mentioned... Read more>>

The mnemic neglect effect is the phenomenon of disproportionately poor recall for threatening (rather than non-threatening) feedback that refers to the self (rather than another person). Does trait modifiability moderate mnemic neglect? We hypothesized... Read more>>

This research uses an autobiographical approach to examine the relation of age to several aspects of wisdom. In Study 1 (N = 86), adolescents', young adults', and older adults' wisdom narratives were content-coded for the types of life situations... Read more>>

Virtue and Psychology: Pursuing Excellence in Ordinary Practices issues a clarion call for psychologists and other mental health professionals to recognize the reality of virtue in social interaction. Virtues are character strengths such as generosity... Read more>>

"No one in this world, so far as I know, has ever lost money by underestimating the intelligence of the great masses of the plain people." -H. L. Mencken H. L. Mencken was wrong. In this endlessly fascinating book, New Yorker columnist James... Read more>>

Who are the people who become positive educational leaders? This essay presents WICS as a model of positive educational leadership. WICS stands for wisdom , intelligence, creativity, synthesized. Each of these elements is asserted to constitute one of... Read more>>

Three studies examined the relationship between need for cognition and support for punitive responses to crime. The results of Study 1 (N = 110) indicated that individuals high in need for cognition were less supportive of punitive measures than their... Read more>>

The ability to distinguish self from non-self is one of the fundamental organizing principles of life on Earth. Such recognition systems permit the unification of dis- tinct elements into cohesive social groups, from multicellular organisms to colonial... Read more>>

In the standard economic model, people are unbounded in their ability to think through problems. Regardless of complexity, they can costlessly figure out the optimal choice. They are also unbounded in their self-control. In contrast to the traditional... Read more>>

Standard theorizing about poverty falls into two camps. Social scientists regard the behaviors of the economically disadvantaged either as calculated adaptations to prevailing circumstances, or as emanating from a unique “culture of poverty,” rife with... Read more>>

by Scott C. Brown This article provides a theoretical framework and model that explores: wisdom, a multidimensional construct that connects a number of desired learning outcomes; how wisdom develops; and, how college contributes to this process. Read... Read more>>

MATTERS of CONSEQUENCE is a comprehensive map of the human situation that encompasses what is really important in life, addresses our personal search for meaning and significance, and deals with humanity's future in a positive solution-oriented way... Read more>>

Paul B. Baltes and his colleagues, who are among the most prominent contemporary wisdom researchers, define wisdom as 'expert knowledge in the domain fundamental pragmatics of life.' By contrast, this article argues that the definition, operationalization... Read more>>

I saiah Berlin is remembered for his positive/negative liberty distinction and his value pluralism, but he was also an active participant in the debate over the nature of political inquiry. This essay argues that his neglected contribution to this debate... Read more>>

Traditional theories of moral psychology emphasize reasoning and "higher cognition," while more recent work emphasizes the role of emotion. The present fMRI data support a theory of moral judgment according to which both "cognitive"... Read more>>

According to the mnemic neglect model, people are threatened by feedback that has unfavorable implications for their central self-aspects, and, as a result, they recall it poorly. What is the locus of such poor recall (i.e., mnemic neglect)? Experiment... Read more>>

There are several legitimate ways of conceptualizing and studying wisdom . One is largely informed by Western philosophy and treats wisdom as an analytic theory of expert knowledge, judgment, and advice about difficult and uncertain matters of life. Another... Read more>>

Not only stupid people act foolishly: Smart people can act foolishly by virtue of their thinking they are too smart to do so. Such people tend to act foolishly through the commission of one or more of five cognitive fallacies: (1) unrealistic optimism... Read more>>

Autobiographical memory narratives concerning times in which individuals said, thought, or did something wise were collected from adolescents and young and old adults. This "wisdom of experience" procedure is shown to be a valid means of studying... Read more>>

Narrative approaches in the field of aging are receiving increasing attention by theorists and practitioners alike. This article draws on recent thinking in narrative gerontology to look at three aspects of aging on which a narrative perspective can shed... Read more>>

The essay looks at identity – “Who am I?” (p. 13) and motivation – “Why am I doing this?” (p. 16) in light of the complementary synergy and creative tension between collaborators. They cite instances of merged identities between collaborators, as well... Read more>>

The present study produces a model of insight, as generated by a grounded theory analysis of interviews with individuals who have reported experiencing life-altering insights. This model describes the initiation, unfolding, and manifestation of the insight... Read more>>

This paper poses a Deweyan challenge to both the neoclassical framework of rational choice and models of bounded rationality and deliberation, especially the procedural theory of rationality advanced by Herbert Simon. We demonstrate how modern theories... Read more>>

The opening chapter of an anthology on virtues and leadership. My chapter also serves as an introduction to the book by locating modern discussions about virtues and leadership within the tensions inherited in western thought. Read more>>

This article explains the views of French philosopher Blaise Pascal against the philosophical and theological legitimization of a godly worldly life by the Jesuits. It also provides background on Jesuit philosopher Pierre LeMoyne's ordered world of... Read more>>

How was it possible during the Nazi dictatorship for a self-confident individual to avoid the cultural "Gleichschaltung" without turning completely towards one's own inside? Based on some reflections, certain psychological backgrounds will... Read more>>

Inspired by the demonstration that tool-use variants among wild chimpanzees and orangutans qualify as traditions (or cultures), we developed a formal model to predict the incidence of these acquired specializations among wild primates and to examine the... Read more>>

This paper reviews behavioural, neurological and cognitive correlates of innovation at the individual, population and species level, focusing on birds and primates. Innovation, new or modified learned behaviour not previously found in the population,... Read more>>

Phronesis, or practical wisdom, is central to virtue ethics because choosing the best course of action cannot be reduced to an algorithm. Phronesis is the capacity to make wise decisions regarding which virtues are called for in particular circumstances... Read more>>

Although wisdom is thought to be a strong predictor for many attributes of aging well, the concept of wisdom still lacks a comprehensive, directly testable scale. Quantitative and qualitative interviews with a.sample of 180 older adults (age 52-plus)... Read more>>

Tacit knowledge (TK) is knowledge drawn from everyday experience that helps individuals to solve real-world, practical problems. This study applied a method for identifying and assessing TK to the domain of military leadership in order to understand why... Read more>>

This study examines the issues of indigenous philosophies, which are embedded in different aspects of socialization process among the Akan of Ghana. The research explores the possibility of forging a new future that builds on the positive aspects of their... Read more>>

This study investigated the connection between wisdom as a body of expert knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life and indicators of affective, motivational, and interpersonal functioning. Structural equation analyses showed that individuals higher... Read more>>

Across time and cultures, wisdom has been nominated as the ideal endpoint of development. Evidence suggests that the beginnings of wisdom are observed in adolescence. But are the correlates of wisdom -related performance in adolescence different from... Read more>>

How and why do moral judgments vary across the political spectrum? To test moral foundations theory (Haidt & Joseph, 2004; Haidt & Graham, 2007), we developed several ways to measure people’s use of five sets of moral intuitions: Harm/care, Fairness... Read more>>

Author: John D Haynes Read more>>

Moral psychology has long focused on reasoning, but recent evidence suggests that moral judgment is more a matter of emotion and affective intuition than deliberate reasoning. Here we discuss recent findings in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, including... Read more>>

The question of how to reason well is an important normative question, one which ultimately motivates some of our interest in the more abstract topic of the principles of practical reason. It is this normative question that I propose to address by arguing... Read more>>

This essay is an attempt to present the basic thought of Feng Qi (1915-1995), a contemporary twentieth-century Chinese philosopher. Although still not well known in the Western philosophical community, Feng is widely acknowledged in his own country as... Read more>>

Practical reasoning, reasoning about what to do, is a very familiar activity. When we think about whether to cook or to go out for dinner, to buy a house or rent, or to study law or business, we are engaged in practical reasoning. If the kind of reasoning... Read more>>

In order to investigate the impact of limited memory on human behavior, I develop a model of memory grounded in psychological and biological research. I assume that people take their memories as accurate and use them to make inferences. The resulting... Read more>>

This study examines cross-cultural age-related patterns of two modes of wisdom : the analytical (i.e., Knowledge Database, Abstract Reasoning), and the synthetic (i.e., Reflective Understanding, Emotional Empathy, and Emotional Regulation). A total of... Read more>>

Particularly suited for young people, this book brings spiritual laws to life through engaging stories and anecdotes. Wisdom from World Religions: Pathways toward Heaven on Earth is designed to offer people of all ages and all nations an opportunity to... Read more>>

This article describes a balance theory of wisdom and applies the theory to the context of schooling. First, the article discusses why intelligence-related skills are an important, but not a sufficient, basis for education. Second, the article briefly... Read more>>

The present study examined adolescents' wisdom-related knowledge and judgment with a heterogeneous sample of 146 adolescents (ages 14-20 years) and a comparison sample of 58 young adults (ages 21-37 years). Participants responded to difficult and... Read more>>

Toward Wisdom takes the position that the only way to make the world a better place is to make it a wiser place. We, and the world, need wisdom-based analyses of our problems followed by wisdom-based action. This book focuses on the existential, metaphysical... Read more>>

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Nancy J. Turner, Marianne Boelscher Ignace and Ronald Ignace This paper discusses the characteristics and application of Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) of aboriginal peoples in British Columbia, Canada. Examples are provided from various... Read more>>

The article begins: Although Paul Ray’s values survey (1996) revealed that some 20 to 45 million Americans are attracted to integral values, Ken Wilber recently pointed out (2000, Introduction) that this is not the same as possessing fully-developed integral... Read more>>

The first 100 years of experimental psychology were dominated by 2 major schools of thought: behaviorism and cognitive science. Here the authors consider the common philosophical commitment to determinism by both schools, and how the radical behaviorists'... Read more>>

Evidence of Wisdom can be seen in both perception and performance, in sacred scriptures and brain images. An eminent group of scholars from fields as diverse as theology, philosophy, medicine, biology, psychology, and linguistics were brought together... Read more>>

The primary focus of this article is on the presentation of wisdom research conducted under the heading of the Berlin wisdom paradigm. Informed by a cultural-historical analysis, wisdom in this paradigm is defined as an expert knowledge system concerning... Read more>>

A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has... Read more>>

To establish a clearer definition of wisdom as a psychological concept, Western and Eastern historical literatures were reviewed and assessed within a general analytical/synthetic framework. In the West, either in an ancient Egyptian, biblical, or philosophical... Read more>>

To examine the meaning of wisdom cross-culturally American, Australian, Indian, and Japanese samples judged the similarity of seven personality descriptors: "aged," "awakened," "discreet," "experienced," "intuitive... Read more>>

Mental-attentional mechanisms of consciousness, meditation, and the emergence of wisdom are discussed . A developmental (neo-Piagetian), dynamic flash-light model of mental attention is used. The initial stages of consciousness in infancy are modeled... Read more>>

The objective of this article was to describe the role of spiritual beliefs in HIV-positive patients' end-of-life decisions based on an in-person, cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive patients. The study discovered the following statistics. Of 104... Read more>>

Two experiments were conducted with the purpose of investigating the ability of right- and left-hemisphere-damaged individuals to produce and perceive the acoustic correlates to phrase boundaries. In the production experiment, the utterance pink and black... Read more>>

This unusual book examines definitions of the fable, apologue, parable, moral tale, etc. It then proposes the use of the term exemplum, used by medieval scribes, to define all types of wisdom narratives. It makes a cross-cultural structural analysis of... Read more>>

Various theoretical models in psychology have emphasized the social foundation of the mind and the role that social interactions play in human development. Interactive Minds emphasizes social transaction and communication between minds without implying... Read more>>

Various theoretical models in psychology have emphasized the social foundation of the mind and the role that social interactions play in human development. Interactive Minds emphasizes social transaction and communication between minds without implying... Read more>>

The Book of Job, a prototypical "wisdom" text from the fifth or sixth century B.C.E., powerfully articulates a good man's struggle to understand unexpected misfortune. In coming to terms with his suffering and gaining understanding of his... Read more>>

Can significant advances in development occur after adolescence? What are the highest possible states or stages of human development and how can they be realized? These and related critical issues are addressed in this volume by leading researchers and... Read more>>

This authoritative volume represents the only complete collection of psychological views on wisdom currently available. Considered an elusive psychological construct until recently, wisdom is currently attracting interest as an independent field. The... Read more>>